This research is one of the few studies integrating Social Influence Theory with the Goal-framing Theory based on the S-O-R model. In Figure 3, the calculated Cronbach’s α coefficient for each scale was above 0.7, indicating good internal consistency (Hair et al., 2010). Convergent validity was tested using composite reliability (CR), standardized factor loading (derived from CFA), and average variance extracted (AVE), and the summary of results is presented in Table 1. The CR value for each scale was above 0.7 (Bagozzi and Yi, 1988; Hair et al., 2010), the AVE values normative goals meaning for all constructs was greater than 0.5 (Fornell and Larcker, 1981), and the standardized factor loading for all items ranged from 0.592 to 0.911 (Hair et al., 2010). Also, the square root of AVE for each construct was found to be larger than the correlation between factors, indicating the adequacy of discriminant validity (Fornell and Larcker, 1981; Hair et al., 2010). Since all the variables were obtained using the same method, the results could potentially have common method bias (CMB), generating artificially inflated relationships (Podsakoff et al., 2003).
Given that the
norms in question are supposed to be essential to meaning/content, we
can already now see that what we are looking for are non-instrumental
norms of purely semantic provenance. Normativism in the theory of meaning and content is the view that
linguistic meaning and/or intentional content are essentially
normative. As both normativity and its essentiality to meaning/content
can be interpreted in a number of different ways, there is now a whole
family of views laying claim to the slogan “meaning/content is
normative”. The application of normative theories and standards to practical moral problems is the concern of applied ethics. This subdiscipline of ethics deals with many major issues of the contemporary scene, including human rights, social equality, and the moral implications of scientific research, for example in the area of genetic engineering. In law, as an academic discipline, the term “normative” is used to describe the way something ought to be done according to a value position.
- Based on the study’s findings, policymakers need to pay attention to the differences in the activation ability of social influence on consumers’ goal frames.
- According to the first, using \(e\) (at \(t)\) has to be
motivated by or to follow \(R\) in the sense of
attempting to do what is in accordance with \(R\). - The influence of GGFs and NGFs on GPB in the lower SCC subgroup is significantly weaker than in the upper SCC subgroup.
These values and units of socialization thus act to encourage or enforce social activity and outcomes that ought to (with respect to the norms implicit in those structures) occur, while discouraging or preventing social activity that ought not occur. While there are always anomalies in social activity (typically described as “crime” or anti-social behaviour, see also normality (behavior)) the normative effects of popularly endorsed beliefs (such as “family https://1investing.in/ values” or “common sense”) push most social activity towards a generally homogeneous set. From such reasoning, however, functionalism shares an affinity with ideological conservatism. Finally, the moderated effects of SCC were found to be partially significant as hypothesized. This new understanding should help extend our knowledge of consumer segmentation and shed new light on the difference in the motivation-behavior gap in lower and upper subgroups.
For the Goal-framing Theory, this approach fails to reveal the formation process of goal frames. More importantly, previous studies have found that the integrated model exhibit stronger predictive power than the standalone theory (Kiatkawsin and Han, 2017). Accordingly, this paper proposes an S-O-R framework, incorporating the Social Influence Theory and the Goal-framing Theory, to better understand GPB formation.
Activating consumers’ environmental consciousness and ethics is highly effective in establishing a green consumption society (Kautish et al., 2019). According to the S (Stimulus) – O (Organism) – R (Response) model (Mehrabian and Russell, 1974), GPB, a typical acquired behavior, is an effective response to the stimulus. External stimuli and example-setters could shape, reshape, and change individuals’ pro-environmental psychology and behaviors (Lee, 2011; Choi and Kandampully, 2019; Yang and Zhang, 2021).
2 Content Determining Normativity
Another line of reasoning appeals to the idea that
there is a constitutive connection between grasping a concept,
understanding a content, and using it in the propositional
attitudes. Arguably, a Lewisian convention is not normative; it does, for
instance, not seem to require any prescription to conform being in
force in the community. Even if regularity of use were required for meaning
(Davidson famously disputed this; cf. Davidson 1984a; 1986b), such
regularity might not need to be due to either norm or convention. A
relevant observation here is that people, upon reflection, usually can
provide at least rough formulations of the rules or conventions they
are following and cite them as reasons for their actions. But when it
comes to the semantic rules of natural language, this is far from
being the case; the question would be why.
Wang et al. (2017) found that positive emotional appeals effectively promote consumers’ willingness to purchase green products. Positive emotions, such as admiration and pride, are said to be important psychological motivations that can drive consumers toward green products (Tang et al., 2020). Normative ethics, that branch of moral philosophy, or ethics, concerned with criteria of what is morally right and wrong. It includes the formulation of moral rules that have direct implications for what human actions, institutions, and ways of life should be like.
It is typically contrasted with theoretical ethics, or metaethics, which is concerned with the nature rather than the content of ethical theories and moral judgments, and applied ethics, or the application of normative ethics to practical problems. Even if guidance normativism would inescapably lead to some form of
regress, one might still hold on to the claim that there are
contentful intentional states only if for instance the rules of
rationality are in force for them. As we noted already in the previous
version of this entry, such force might require acceptance, but not
(general) guidance, or it might be completely independent of the
attitudes of thinkers. Highlighting both these options, it has
recently been argued that guidance normativism is unnecessarily
demanding. Thus, there is empirical evidence from developmental
psychology that children acquire the concept of desire prior to
acquiring that of belief (Wellman 1993).
The results of this study can help green practitioners develop more effective marketing strategies and incentives targeted to consumers with varying levels of environmental consciousness or sensitivity. Third, this study exhibited the generation logic of GPB by demonstrating the potential mediation effects in the research model, thereby enriching the study of Lindenberg and Steg (2007) that goal frames were activated by stimuli, which can influence consumers’ GPB. Concretely, we found that goal frames have significant total mediation effects on the paths of ME and PEI on GPB but were not significant in mediating the relationship between FAI and GPB. The findings provide strong evidence that media and peers can effectively activate consumers’ HGFs and NGFs, to reach GPB. This conclusion supports prior studies which found that emotional (Wang et al., 2017) and normative appeals (Lindenberg and Steg, 2007), activated by social influence, can positively influence consumer attitude toward green products.
Product
This study explored the formation of consumers’ green purchasing behavior (GPB) and investigated the moderating effect of sensitivity to climate change (SCC) to address this current knowledge gap. An integrated model merging the Social Influence Theory and the Goal-framing Theory was developed with the Stimulus-Organism-Response (S-O-R) paradigm. An empirical study was conducted, surveying 583 respondents and analyzing the questionnaire results using structural equation modeling.
Dictionary Entries Near normative
To end token environmental behavior, enterprises should integrate the driving effects of various social forces and focus on the mediation effects of hedonic and normative goals. Undoubtedly, symbolic value embodied in green branding can effectively persuade consumers to buy more green products and steadily promote GPBs by shaping social norms. Based on the study’s findings, policymakers need to pay attention to the differences in the activation ability of social influence on consumers’ goal frames. Given the major role of PEI in promoting GPB, policymakers should attach much importance to the guiding role of peers, account for dual appeals, and use positive emotional reinforcements, such as pride and admiration. Also, good market segmentation should be made, thereby precisely fitting consumers’ appeals for practical interests, strengthening environmental education, and helping consumers understand the functional, emotional, and social values of green products. Our results also show that the consumers’ normative motivations should be activated to instill long-term sustainable lifestyles.
Moreover, if both conditions are fulfilled,
having the primitively normative attitude of taking the use one is
disposed to make of \(e\) amounts to understanding that \(e\) means
\(M\). Typically, normative is contrasted with informative (referring to the standard’s descriptive, explanatory or positive content). Informative data is supplemental information such as additional guidance, supplemental recommendations, tutorials, commentary as well as background, history, development, and relationship with other elements. In standards terminology still used by some organizations, “normative” means “considered to be a prescriptive part of the standard”. It characterises that part of the standard which describes what ought (see philosophy above) to be done within the application of that standard.
The Goals of Norms
For one thing, even if the relevant rules require some sort of
acceptance to be in force, not every performance governed by them
needs to actually be guided by them (cf. Hlobil 2015; Tracy 2020). If the move is to stop an
intentional condition on rule-following from giving rise to a regress,
we might end up having to say that every instance of rule-guided
belief formation requires the unguided formation of at least
one other belief or intentional state. As a major reference group, family members’ pro-environmental concept and behavior have considerable demonstration effects, such that people become well-motivated to adopt green lifestyles (Moore et al., 2002; Lee, 2010) in order to acquire greater emotional attachment with their families.
normative ethics
The norms
are typically construed as norms of action, most commonly as
prescriptions, but could also be construed axiologically. That is, the
claim need not be that the relevant norms guide our use of concepts,
but could just be that it is a property essential to their having
content that certain mental states (true beliefs, for instance) are
valuable. Initial motivation for MD normativism is furnished by the arbitrary,
contingent, and “man-made” nature of the connection
between linguistic expressions and their meanings.
Kripke’s discussion reignited interest in the question of the
relation between meaning and rules, and resulted in an enormous
literature both on the skeptical argument and the very idea that
meaning is essentially normative. Much of that discussion has been
carried out without reference to the earlier debate on meaning and
conventions, but attempts have also been made to relate the two
debates. In what follows we shall first discuss ME normativism, where
the discussion following Kripke’s book plays a central role, and
then MD normativism.